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The chemical potential of graphene can be regulated by methods such as voltage or chemical doping. This property makes graphene highly versatile in the field of material-light interactions, particularly in relation to surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). By exciting surface plasmons, graphene significantly enhances its ability to interact with light.

Graphene is a single-layer carbon material that is only one atom thick. It can be used in nanoscale plasmon systems due to its unique physical properties. Light can be manipulated and controlled by adjusting the electrostatic doping or Fermi level to excite plasmon waves in single-layer graphene. According to the research by Chu et al., slight variations in the number of graphene layers and Fermi level can lead to significant changes in the resonant wavelength and modulation intensity. This case aims to simulate this tuning process in 3D FDTD.