This section introduces the basic operations including various operations on variables, file operations and data type conversion.

disp

Description
Displays a matrix.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

The disp function prints the matrix without the variable label to Script Console window.

Syntax

Code	Function
`disp( S );`	Displays the matrix S.

See also
show

finite

Description
Tests variable for finite values.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = finite( A );`	`finite` returns a matrix, the same size as the input (A), consisting of ones and zeros. The elements of the return matrix are 1 where the elements of A are finite, or zero where the elements of A are `Inf` or `NaN`.

Example

a = [1, inf(), 3; 4, 5, 6; inf(), 8, nan()]
b = finite (a)

Result:

a =
             1           inf             3
             4             5             6
           inf             8           nan
b =
             1             0             1
             1             1             1
             0             1             0

See also
isinf, isnan

show

Description
Shows information about a variable.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`show( A );`	`show` takes a single argument and returns a brief description of the argument, it's class, name, and any other pertinent characteristics. Note that all the information provided by `show()` can be obtained by other means: `class()`, `type()`, and `size()`. Additionally, direct member reference will provide the same information as `show`.

See also
class, size, type

what

Description
Shows what functions are active in the workspace.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`what($$)`	Shows the names of the functions in the global workspace.
`what(STRUCT)`	Shows what functions are in a struct. `what` returns a string matrix of all the names of functions in a struct. If the argument is `$$` (most common usage) then the names of the functions in the global workspace are returned.

See also
who

who

Description
Shows the variables in a struct.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`who( );`	Returns a string matrix of all the names of the variables currently in the global symbol table.
`who($$);`	Returns a string matrix of all the names of the variables currently in the global symbol table.

See also
what

whos

Description
Prints a description of the variables in a struct.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`whos( S )`	Prints a description of the variables in a struct S. The `whos` function prints a tabular listing (to stdout) of the contents of the struct, or symbol-table S. Information on functions is not output. If no argument is provided `whos` prints out information from the global-symbol table.

See also
sizeof, who, what

class

Description
Returns a string which identifies the type of the object that A represents. Valid classes are num, string, struct, cell, and function.

Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = class( A );`	Identifies the class of A.
`out = A.class;`	Identifies the class of A.

Example

m = 1;
if(class(m) == 'num') 

   m = m + 1;
end

m

Result:

m =
             2

See also
show, type

diary

Description
Logs commands (program statements) to a file.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

The diary function echoes all input commands and output to a diary file. If 'file_name' is not specified, then a file named DIARY is opened.

The diary, used without any arguments, will turn on statement logging, or turn off statement logging if a diary file is already open.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = diary( );`	Echoes all input commands and output to a diary file.
`out = diary( 'file_name' );`	Echoes all input commands and output to the diary file named 'file_name'. If 'file_name' is not specified, then a file named DIARY is opened.

entinfo

Description
Returns entity information.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = entinfo(VAR);`	Returns the internal address and reference count of VAR.

This function is not intended for general use, so no explanation of the function's purpose, or guarantees regarding its future availability will be made.

See also
class

error

Description
Error handling/ reporting.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

The error function allows user-functions to jump back to the prompt when some sort of error has occurred. The nature of the error is up to the user. When an error is detected the user simply calls error(). If no argument is supplied, error() will print the default message. Otherwise, error prints the string supplied as an argument, and jumps back to the prompt.

Jumping 'back to the prompt' means execution of the current loop or function is terminated immediately and execution of any prompt-level statements is performed.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = error( );`	Prints the default message and allows user-functions to jump back to the prompt.
`out = error( 'STRING' );`	Prints the string 'STRING' supplied as an argument, and allows user-functions to jump back to the prompt.

eval

Description
Evaluates expressions.
Used in FDTD and FDE.
The eval function evaluates the statement contained in the string argument 'S'. eval returns the result of the statement in 'S'. eval can be used within functions and can distinguish local and argument variables from global.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = eval( 'S' );`	Evaluates expressions 'S'.

Example

eval('printf("Hello!")');

Result:

Hello!

exist

Description
Checks the existence of a variable.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

The exist function returns TRUE (1) if VAR exists, and FALSE (0), if VAR does not exist. VAR is any valid variable name.

If you need to know if a variable exists, and if it is a function or data, then use the exist function in conjunction with the class or type functions.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = exist( 'var_name' );`	Checks the existence of a variable named 'var_name'.

Example

a = 3;
        

exist('a')

Result:

val =
             1

See also
class, type, who, what

find

Description
Finds non-zeros.
Used in FDTD and FDE.
find returns a matrix that contains the indices of the non-zero elements of the input matrix A.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = find(A);`	Returns a matrix that contains the indices of the non-zero elements of the input matrix A.

Example

A common usage for find, is the selection of matrix elements that meet certain criteria.

 a = rand(4,4)
 x = a[ find( a < .1 )]

Result:

a =
   0.460981667  0.0106171295   0.290495008   0.268887907
   0.519936681   0.414229393   0.205473974   0.334269047
   0.160773635   0.232932165   0.561298728   0.277925879
   0.974579871   0.555183232   0.791246772   0.788529098
x =
  0.0106171295

findstr

Description
Finds the designated sub-string in the input string and returns corresponding information.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`findstr('sub_str', 'total_str');`	Finds the designated sub-string in the input string and returns a vector containing the order numbers of the first letters of sub-strings that meet the requirement.

Example

total_str = 'This is a string.'

findstr('string', total_str)

Result:

total_str =
This is a string.  
val =
            11

See also
find

findnearest

Description
Finds the element that nearest the input data.
Used in FDTD and FDE.
findnearest returns a vector that contains the index of the element that is nearest to the input data, and the difference Delta_data between the data and the elements.

Syntax

Code	Function
`[Ind, Delta_data] = findnearest(data, point);`	Returns a vector Ind that contains the index of the element that is nearest to the input data data, and the difference Delta_data between the data and the elements.

Example

a = [-1, 4, 1.5, 0.2, -0.2]
[ind, delta] = findnearest(a,0.5)

Result:

a =
            -1             4           1.5           0.2          -0.2
ind =
             4

delta =
          -1.5           3.5             1          -0.3          -0.7

almostequal

Description
Executes an almost-equal comparison.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`[logic_num, delta_data] = almostequal(data, standard_data, re_delta);`	Returns 1 when \|data - standard_data\| is less than or equal to \|data + standard_data\|/2 * re_delta, otherwise returns 0. The relative difference re_delta is defaulted to 1e-15.
`[logic_num, delta_data] = almostequal(data, standard_data, re_delta, abs_delta);`	Returns 1 when \|data - standard_data\| <= \|data + standard_data\| /2 * re_delta or \|data - standard_data\| <= abs_delta, otherwise returns 0. The relative difference re_delta and absolute difference abs_delta are all defaulted to 1e-15.
`[logic_num, delta_data] = almostequal(data, standard_data, re_delta, abs_delta, number);`	Executes an almost-equal comparison according to the mode designated by input number. The absolute difference abs_delta is defaulted to 1e-15. The meanings of the input parameters can be seen as follows.

The meanings of the input parameters can be seen as follows:

input parameter	meaning	default
data	the data to be compared with standard data	--
standard_data	standard data used to compare with input data	--
re_delta	relative difference, returns 1 when \|data - standard_data\| is less than or equal to \| data + standard_data \| /2 * re_delta, otherwise returns 0.	1e-15
abs_delta	absolute difference, returns 1 when \| data - standard_data\| is less than or equal to abs_delta, otherwise returns 0.	1e-15
number	comparation mode control, when number==0, re_delta is valid.	0(fewer than four inputs) or 2(four inputs)

Note:
When number is 0, re_delta is valid(default);
When number is 1, re_delta and abs_delta are valid, and the logical relationship is & ;
When number is 2, re_delta and abs_delta are valid, and the logical relationship is |;
When number is 3, abs_delta is valid.

Example

# |0.9 - 1.1| < (1.1 + 0.9 ) *0.5 * 0.6 
almostequal(0.9, 1.1, 0.6)

# |0.9 - 1.1 | > (1.1 + 0.9) * 0.5 * 0.1
almostequal(0.9, 1.1, 0.1)

Result:

getenv

Description
Searches the current environment for a variable with name NAME.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = getenv ( NAME )`	Gets an environment variable. The value of the environment variable is returned as a string.

Note:
Exactly how getenv behaves depends upon the underlying operating system implementation. On UNIX system getenv will return a NULL string if the environment variable does not exist.

See also
putenv

isempty

Description
Tests a matrix or struct for elements:

Returns 1 if A is empty.
Returns 0 if the matrix has any elements.

Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`isempty(A)`	Tests a matrix or list for elements.

isreal

Description
Tests if a matrix is ALL real.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = isreal ( A )`	`isreal` tests its argument, A, and returns TRUE (1) if A's elements are all real, or FALSE (0) if any of A's elements are complex.

See also
any

isinf

Description
Tests for values of infinity.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = isinf ( A )`	`isinf` returns TRUE (1) if A is Infinity (according to IEEE-754). If A is a vector or a matrix the test is performed element-by-element, and a matrix the same size as A is returned. `Infs` can usually be created by attempting to divide by zero, or using the builtin `inf` function.

Example

a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, inf(); 7, 8, 9]
a_isinf = isinf(a)

Result:

a =
             1             2             3
             4             5           inf
             7             8             9
a_isinf =
             0             0             0
             0             0             1
             0             0             0

See also
isnan, finite

isnan

Description
Tests for NaN values.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`ut = isnan ( A )`	`isnan` returns TRUE (1) if A is a `NaN` (Not A Number). If A is a vector or a matrix the test is performed element by element, and a matrix the same size as A is returned. `NaNs` can be created by the 0/0 operation on most computers.

Example

a = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, nan(); 7, 8, 9]
a_isnan = isnan(a)

Result:

a =
             1             2             3
             4             5           nan
             7             8             9
a_isnan =
             0             0             0
             0             0             1
             0             0             0

See also
inf, isinf, finite, nan

issymm

Description
Tests matrix for symmetry.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = issymm ( A )`	`issymm` returns TRUE (1) if the argument A is a symmetric (or Hermitian) matrix, and FALSE (0) if A is not symmetric (Hermitian).

isfield

Description
Examines the struct to see if it includes the specified field.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`tf=isfield(S,field_name)`	Examines struct S to see if it includes the field specified by field_name. Output tf is set to logical 1 (true) if S contains the field, or logical 0 (false) if not. If S is not a struct, `isfield` returns false.

Example

s=struct(a=2,b=3)
            
isfield(s,'a')  # returns 1 when contains the element
            
isfield(s,'a2') # returns 0 when not contains
            
isfield(2,'a')  # return 0 when first argument is not a struct

Result:

s =
  struct with fields:
    a: 2
    b: 3
val =
             1
val =
             0
val =
             0

rmfield

Description
Removes the specific fields from struct.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`rmfield(s,field)`	Removes the specified field or fields from structure array s. Specify multiple fields using a cell array of character vectors or a string array.

Example
Remove the defined fields.

s=struct(a=3,b=5,c=5,d=6)
          
s=rmfield(s,['a','b']) # This can also be written as "s=rmfield(s,{'a','b'})" .
           
s

Result:

s =
  struct with fields:
    a: 3
    b: 5
    c: 5
    d: 6
s =
  struct with fields:
    c: 5
    d: 6
s =
  struct with fields:
    c: 5
    d: 6

members

Description
The members function takes a variable as an argument (L), and returns a string-vector containing the object's member names.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

For example:
x = members ($$) will create a row-vector and assign it to x. The row-vector will contain the names of all the elements in the global-symbol-table.

The members function is probably most useful when used in conjunction with for-loops. The result of members can be used as the loop index, allowing users to operate on the elements of an object.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = members ( L )`	Returns an object's member names.

Example

a = rand(2, 3)

members( a )

Result:

a =
   0.399200201  -0.277332842 -0.0150899477
   -1.76820695   0.611103237   0.456874043
val =
nr  nc  n  class  type  storage

See also
type

type

Description
Returns the type of an object.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code Function

out = type ( A ) Returns a string that describes the type of element contained in object A. The valid types for an object vary according to the class of the object. For example, the valid types of a matrix can be real, complex , and string which are determined by the elements it contains. If the input object is a struct having a field named type , then the type function will report the contents of that member.

A.type The type of elements contained in object can also be determined by using the type member reference.

Code	Function
`out = type ( A )`	Returns a string that describes the type of element contained in object A. The valid types for an object vary according to the class of the object. For example, the valid types of a matrix can be real, complex , and string which are determined by the elements it contains. If the input object is a struct having a field named type , then the `type` function will report the contents of that member.
`A.type`	The type of elements contained in object can also be determined by using the type member reference.

Example

mat_real = [1, 2, 3];
mat_complex = [1+2i, 3+4i];
st = struct('x': 0, 'type': 'This is the type information.');

mat_real.type

mat_complex.type

st.type

Result:

val =
real  
val =
complex  
val =
This is the type information.

See also
class, show

tic

Description
Starts the timer.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`tic( )`	Internally marks the time at which it was invoked. To measure elapsed time, use `tic` in conjunction with `toc`.

Example

tic();
a = rand(100,100);
eig(a);
toc()

The above would measure the time spent generating the 100x100 random matrix, and calculating the eigenvectors and eigenvalues.

See also
toc

Code	Function
`toc( )`	Reports the time (in seconds) elapsed since the last call to `tic`.

tmpnam

Description
Generates temporary file name.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = tmpnam( )`	Returns a string that is not the name of an existing file. `tmpnam` generates a different name each time it is called.

See also
fopen, fclose, read, write, fprintf

system

Description
Executes operating system commands.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = system( COMMAND )`	The `system` function behaves like the the UNIX system call. The string argument to `system`, COMMAND, is passed directly to the operating system command-line shell for execution. The program waits until the system call is finished.

Example
On Linux operating system, the following code will allow the user to edit (create) the file test.r.

system( 'vi test.r' )

The following code will then load the result of the vi process.

rfile test

On Windows operating system, the following code can be used to start the notepad program.

system('notepad')

putenv

Description
Changes or adds an environment variable.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

putenv takes a single string argument of the form:

'NAME=VALUE'

putenv makes the value of the environment variable NAME equal to VALUE by altering an existing variable or creating a new one.

Exactly how putenv behaves depends upon the underlying operating system implementation.

On most Unix systems putenv will return non-zero if an error occurred, and zero otherwise.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = putenv ( 'NAME=VALUE' )`	Changes or adds an environment variable.

See also
getenv

fseek

Description
Reposition a stream.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = fseek ('file_name', offset )`	Sets the current position in file named 'file_name', a subsequent read will access data beginning at the new position. The new position is the location shifted by the specified number of characters relative to the beginning of file. The offset is the number of characters used to shift.
`out = fseek('file_name', offset, origin)`	Sets the current position in file named 'file_name', a subsequent read will access data beginning at the new position. The new position is the location shifted by the specified number of characters relative to the position origin. The offset is the number of characters used to shift.

The origin can be:

'SEEK_SET' beginning of file (default)
'SEEK_CUR' current position
'SEEK_END' end of file

See also
fread, open, close

getline

Description
Gets a line of input.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

getline returns an N-element struct which contains all of the tokens from a line in the file described by FN. The tokens are delimited by whitespace. Numbers are installed in the struct as numeric scalars, everything else is installed as scalar strings.

The struct elements have numeric indices, and are numbered from 1 to N. The 1st element containing the 1st token on the line, and the Nth element containing the last token on the line. The newline is not returned as a token.

getline will also recognize everything enclosed within a pair of ' as a string, including escape characters.
getline will always return a struct-object. When an empty-line has been read, getline returns a struct with only one field whose value is an empty string. getline will terminate on an End-Of-File (EOF).

The second, and optional argument, LL, forces getline to return the entire line (including the newline) as a string, without any parsing. If LL is <= 0, then getline will read lines as long as 512 characters. If LL > 0, then getline will read lines as long as LL characters. The return value is a single string, not a struct, when LL is used. If getline encounters an EOF, while LL is being used, a numeric value of 0 is returned.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = getline(FN)`	Returns an N-element struct which contains all of the tokens from a line in the file described by FN .
`out = getline(FN, LL);`	Returns the entire line (including the newline) as a string. If LL is <= 0, then `getline` will read lines as long as 512 characters. If LL > 0, then `getline` will read lines as long as LL characters.

Example
Given a file named test, which contains the following lines:

jcool  259  4 1075  822 vt01     S   Dec 29  9:32 X :0 -p 1 -s 5 
jcool  256  0   21    0 console  S   Dec 29  0:00 startx 
jcool  261  0  338   88 console  S   Dec 29  0:16 twm 
jcool  288  8  635  333 ?        S   Dec 29  2:00 emacs 
jcool  287  0  408   65 console  S   Dec 29  0:01 xclock

Run the following code,

tmp = getline( 'test' );

would produce a struct variable named tmp with 16 elements: tmp.[1] would be the string 'jcool' and tmp.[16] would be the number 5. The next call to getline() would read the second line in the file, and create a new struct containing those elements.

To read the entire contents of a file:

ans = getline('file_name');
if (length (ans)) 

  # do something with ans
else
  # finish up
end

Since getline returns an empty struct when there is no input, we can tell when to terminate the input loop by checking the length of the returned struct.

Using the optional second argument to getline we can get old-style Fortran formatted output. For example, we have a file filled with:

0.1285186E+000.1463163E+000.0000000E+000.0000000E+000.0000000E+000.0000000E+00
0.0000000E+000.0000000E+000.0000000E+000.0000000E+000.7322469E-010.5245288E-01
0.0000000E+00-.9399651E-010.2397120E-01-.6551484E-010.2616772E+020.5796479E-01
0.0000000E+000.2500000E+000.7788281E-010.2121489E-010.0000000E+00-.1345507E+00
0.1516225E-01-.1284981E+000.1136876E+020.3010250E-010.0000000E+00-.2500000E+00

we can do:

lv = strtod (getline (FN, 14));

and get a vector with the numeric values for each line by using the results.

See also
strsplt

setstr

Description
Translates a vector of integers to a string of ASCII characters.
Used in FDTD and FDE.
setsrt converts a vector of integers in n to a string of ASCII characters. Only integer values between 0 and 127 will be converted successfully. Nonprintable characters will be translated to their symbols surrounded by braces.

This is useful when fread is used to read "char" type data from a file. fread returns an integer vector.

name=fread(file_name,8,"char");
sname=setstr(name);

The example lines above will read in 8 bytes of characters into integer vector name. Then name is converted to a string sname by setstr.

This file is a substitute for the same in matlab by Derrick Early.

Syntax

Code	Function
`S = setstr( n );`	Translates vector n of integers to a string of ASCII characters.

strsplt

Description
Splits a string.
Used in FDTD and FDE.
strsplt returns a row matrix that contains a single character string as each element. The resulting matrix has as many columns as the input argument had characters.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = strsplt( STR );`	Returns a row matrix that contains a single character string as each element.
`out = strsplt( STR, FW );`	Returns a row matrix that contains a single character string as each element. The second, and optional, argument to `strsplt`, FW forces `strsplt` to split STR into FW length strings. FW can also be a string, or a string matrix, specifying the field separators that `strsplt` will use.

Example

smat = strsplt( 'string' )
show(smat)

Result:

smat =
s  t  r  i  n  g  
	nr                  :	1
	nc                  :	6
	n                   :	6
	class               :	string
	type                :	string
	storage             :	dense

The second, and optional, argument to strsplt, FW forces strsplt to split STR into FW length strings. FW can also be a string, or a string matrix, specifying the field separators that strsplt will use:

str = 'this;is;a;sem-colon;separated string;with numbers;1.234'

strsplt(str,';')

Result:

str =
this;is;a;sem-colon;separated string;with numbers;1.234  
val =
this  is  a  sem-colon  separated string  with numbers  1.234

See also
getline

strtod

Description
String to decimal conversion.
Used in FDTD and FDE.
The strtod function converts its argument 'STR' from string class to numeric class. strtod stands for 'string to decimal'.

strtod will return a NaN (Not a Number) if it cannot recognize a string, or an element of a string matrix, as a number.
Syntax

Code	Function
`out = strtod( 'STR' );`	The `strtod` function converts its argument 'STR' from string class to numeric class.

strtol

Description
String to integer conversion.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

The strtol functions converts its argument 'STR' from string class to numeric class. strtol stands for 'string to long-int'. The second (optional) argument BASE, specifies the conversion base. Valid values for BASE are between 2 and 32. BASE defaults to 10 if not specified.
strtol will return a NaN (Not a Number) if it cannot recognize a string, or an element of a string matrix, as a number.

Syntax

Code	Function
`out = strtol( 'STR' , BASE )`	Converts argument 'STR' from string class to numeric class.

cd

Description
Changes the current program folder.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`cd('new_folder');`	Changes the current program folder to the designated folder named 'new_folder'.

See also
changeworkpath

changeworkpath

Description
Changes the current work path to the designated path.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Synatx

Code	Function
`changeworkpath('new_work_path');`	Changes the current work path to the designated path.

See also
getworkpath

the end of a statement

Description
A statement can end with ';' or empty. The return value will be printed when it ends with empty, and the return value will not be printed when it ends with ';'.
Used in FDTD and FDE.

Syntax

Code	Function
`statement`	The return value will be printed when ends with empty.
`statement;`	The return value will not be printed when ends with ';'.

Example

b = 2

c = 3;

Result:

b =
             2

disp #

finite #

show #

what #

who #

whos #

class #

diary #

entinfo #

error #

eval #

exist #

find #

findstr #

findnearest #

almostequal #

getenv #

isempty #

isreal #

isinf #

isnan #

issymm #

isfield #

rmfield #

members #

type #

tic #

toc #

tmpnam #

system #

putenv #

fseek #

getline #

setstr #

strsplt #

strtod #

strtol #

cd #

changeworkpath #

the end of a statement #

disp

finite

show

what

who

whos

class

diary

entinfo

error

eval

exist

find

findstr

findnearest

almostequal

getenv

isempty

isreal

isinf

isnan

issymm

isfield

rmfield

members

type

tic

toc

tmpnam

system

putenv

fseek

getline

setstr

strsplt

strtod

strtol

cd

changeworkpath

the end of a statement